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Tumor Antigen

Tumor Antigen

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Tumor Antigen

Apart from recombinant subunit vaccines against pathogen antigens, researchers have also concentrated on tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), or antigens associated with other metabolic pathways. These antigens spur the body to generate specific antibodies that either kill tumor cells or block the targeted metabolic pathway, leading to the treatment of the disease.

Multiple TAAs, TSAs and TSAs: TSAs that mimic cancer-specific antigens or epitopes identified by T cells, such as mucin 1 (MUC1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2, or HER-2/neu), cancer–testis antigen 1 (NY-ESO-1), p53, melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (Melan-A or MART-1), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), glycoprotein 100 (gp100), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), melanoma antigen-encoding gene (MAGE), survivin peptide, etc. are undergoing clinical trials. These peptides are brief amino acid sequences synthesized primarily through chemical methods.

Peptide vaccines are less immunogenic and may result in weak or ineffective T-cell responses. In cancer immunotherapy, fusion proteins provide a strategy to increase the immunogenicity of peptide vaccines. Fusion proteins consist of peptide antigens fused to a protein that can enhance the immunogenicity of the peptide (e.g., bacterial toxins or cytokines) and are mainly synthesized in biologically appropriate host strains like Escherichia coli (E. coli).

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