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VLP Vaccines

VLP Vaccines

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VLP Vaccine

Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, consisting of a complex structure, is a unique modality of recombinant subunit vaccine.

VLPs are generated using recombinant DNA technology, which met the challenges and bottlenecks of recombinant VLP vaccine manufacturing. Various expression systems are applied to produce VLP vaccine, such as bacteria (Escherichia coli), yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia pastoris), insect cells, mammalian cells, or even plants.

The first VLP vaccine, Heptavax against hepatitis B virus (HBV), was authorized in 1986. Heptavax is self-assembled into VLP based on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using yeast S. cerevisiae as an expression system. After that, HPV, a vaccine targeting human papillomavirus (HPV) and using L1 structural protein, was introduced and entered the market in 2006 and 2007. This was a huge success and subsequently brought about progress of several VLP-based vaccines, including VLP vaccines, chimeric VLP vaccines, VLP based conjugate vaccine, VLP carrying RNA and etc. 

Approved VLP Vaccines

Category

Approved Products

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Vaccine

RECOMBIVAX HB (S. cerevisiae), PREHEVBRIO (CHO cell), ENGERIX-B (S. cerevisiae), HEPLISAV-B (H. polymorpha)

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Vaccine

Hecolin (E. coli)

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine

4-valent Gardasil (S. cerevisiae), 9-valent Gardasil 9

HPV Vaccine (types 16 and 18)

Cervarix (Baculovirus), Cecolin (E. coli)

Malaria Vaccine

RTS,S/AS01, Mosquirix (S. cerevisiae)

Natural VLP Backbone

VLP-based vaccines are being developed as classical vaccines against infection desease, as well as therapeutic vaccines against cancer, inflammation, allergy, neurodegenerative diseases, hypertension, and etc. Examples of commonly used VLPs in vaccine development are listed:

VLP Backbone

VLP Composition

Derivation

HBV-VLP
HBsAg, HBcAg or S1, S2 antigen

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

HPV-VLP
HPV capsid L1 antigen, or HPV capsid L1/L2 protein

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

HEV-VLP
HEV ORF2

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

Qβ-VLP
Qβ coat protein

Bacteriophage Qβ

AP205-VLP
AP205 coat protein

Bacteriophage AP205

MS2-VLP
MS2 coat protein

Bacteriophage MS2

PP7-VLP
PP7 coat protein

Bacteriophage PP7

CuMV-VLP
CuMV capsid protein

Cucumber-mosaic virus-like particles (CuMV)

CCMV-VLP
CCMV capsid protein

Cowpea chlorotic mosaic virus (CCMV)

RHDS-VLP
RHDS capsid protein VP1/VP60

Rabbit hemorrhag ic disease virus (RHDS)

CPV-VLP
CPV capsid protein VP2

Canine parvovirus (CPV)

Yaohai Bio-Pharma Offers One-Stop CDMO Solution for VLP-based Vaccine
Reference:

Mona O. Mohsen and Mar tin F. Bachmann. Virus-like particle vaccinology, from bench to bedside. Cellular & Molecular Immunology (2022) 19:993–1011. doi: 10.1038/s41423-022-00897-8.

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