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Cytokines

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Cytokine

Overview of Cytokines

Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins that can exert an impact on physiological processes that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Cytokines consist of six superfamilies, including interferons (IFNs), interleukins (ILs), chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), tumor-necrosis factors (TNFs), and transforming growth factors (TGFs). Cytokines play an important role in various disease pathologies, and were employed in the first generation of immunotherapeutics for cancers and autoimmune disorders.

Cytokine Members Source Characteristics
IL, Interleukin IL-1 Macrophage, B cells, Dendritic cells (DCs) Induction of proinflammatory response; Th17 cell differentiation
IL-2 T cells Proliferation and differentiation into effector and memory T cells; Development of Treg cells, The proliferation of B cells; Proliferation and differentiation of NK cells
IL-6 Th cells, macrophages, fibroblasts Synthesis of acute-phase proteins in liver, Inducing secretion of chemokines: CCL2, CCL8; CXCL5, CXCL6; Induction of neutrophil apoptosis B cell differentiation and production of IgG, IgM, IgA
IL-11 BM stromal cells Growth factor for myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocyte progenitors; Bone remodeling; Protects epithelial cells and connective tissue
IL-15 Macrophages, DCs Induction of Th1 and Th17 responses; Activation of T cell (decreased TCR activation threshold);Survival and proliferation of memory CD8+T cells
IL-21 Th-17 and T follicular helper Regulation of B cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis; Antibody isotype balance (increased IgG and decreased IgE); T cell and NK cell proliferation
INF, Interferon Interferon-α (INF-α) Leukocytes Antiviral state; Increases the expression of class I MHC molecules; Activation of NK cells
Interferon-β (INF-β) Fibroblasts Antiviral state, Increases the expression of class I MHC molecules, Activation of NK cells
Interferon-γ (INF-γ) T-cells Th1 cell differentiation; Classical activation of macrophages (increased microbicidal functions); Promotes cytotoxic activity; Up-regulation of class I and class II MHC; Increases antigen processing and presentation to T cells; Antiviral properties
TNF, Tumor Necrosis factor TNF-α Macrophages, Monocytes Phagocyte cell activation, endotoxic shock; Tumor cytotoxicity, cachexia
TNF-β T-cells Chemotactic, phagocytosis, oncostatic, induces other cytokines
CSF, Colony Stimulating Factor GM-CSF, CSF-2 T cells, macrophages, fibroblasts Granulocyte, monocyte, eosinophil production
G-CSF, CSF-3 Fibroblasts, endothelium Granulocyte production
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Reference:

[1] Aung T, et al. Recent and future perspectives on engineering interferons and other cytokines as therapeutics. Trends Biochem Sci. 2023 Mar;48(3):259-273. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.09.005.

[2] Das PK, et al. Current status, and the developments of hosts and expression systems for the production of recombinant human cytokines. Biotechnol Adv. 2022 Oct;59:107969. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107969.

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